Class diagrams #

"In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among objects." Wikipedia

The class diagram is the main building block of object-oriented modeling. It is used for general conceptual modeling of the structure of the application, and for detailed modeling to translate the models into programming code. Class diagrams can also be used for data modeling. The classes in a class diagram represent both the main elements, interactions in the application, and the classes to be programmed.

Mermaid can render class diagrams.

Code:

classDiagram
    Animal <|-- Duck
    Animal <|-- Fish
    Animal <|-- Zebra
    Animal : +int age
    Animal : +String gender
    Animal: +isMammal()
    Animal: +mate()
    class Duck{
        +String beakColor
        +swim()
        +quack()
    }
    class Fish{
        -int sizeInFeet
        -canEat()
    }
    class Zebra{
        +bool is_wild
        +run()
    }

Render:

Syntax #

Class #

UML provides mechanisms to represent class members, such as attributes and methods, and additional information about them. A single instance of a class in the diagram contains three compartments:

• The top compartment contains the name of the class. It is printed in bold and centered, and the first letter is capitalized. It may also contain optional annotation text describing the nature of the class.
• The middle compartment contains the attributes of the class. They are left-aligned and the first letter is lowercase.
• The bottom compartment contains the operations the class can execute. They are also left-aligned and the first letter is lowercase.

Code:

classDiagram
    class BankAccount
    BankAccount : +String owner
    BankAccount : +Bigdecimal balance
    BankAccount : +deposit(amount)
    BankAccount : +withdrawal(amount)

Render:

Define a class #

There are two ways to define a class:

• Explicitly using keyword class like class Animal which would define the Animal class.
• Via a relationship which defines two classes at a time along with their relationship. For instance, Vehicle <|-- Car.

Code:

classDiagram
    class Animal
    Vehicle <|-- Car

Render:

Naming convention: a class name should be composed only of alphanumeric characters (including unicode), and underscores.

Defining Members of a class #

UML provides mechanisms to represent class members such as attributes and methods, as well as additional information about them.

Mermaid distinguishes between attributes and functions/methods based on if the parenthesis () are present or not. The ones with () are treated as functions/methods, and all others as attributes.

There are two ways to define the members of a class, and regardless of whichever syntax is used to define the members, the output will still be same. The two different ways are :

• Associate a member of a class using : (colon) followed by member name, useful to define one member at a time. For example:

Code:

classDiagram
class BankAccount
BankAccount : +String owner
BankAccount : +BigDecimal balance
BankAccount : +deposit(amount)
BankAccount : +withdrawal(amount)

Render:

• Associate members of a class using {} brackets, where members are grouped within curly brackets. Suitable for defining multiple members at once. For example:

Code:

classDiagram
class BankAccount{
    +String owner
    +BigDecimal balance
    +deposit(amount)
    +withdrawal(amount)
}

Render:

Return Type #

Optionally you can end a method/function definition with the data type that will be returned (note: there must be a space between the final ) and the return type). An example:

Code:

classDiagram
class BankAccount{
    +String owner
    +BigDecimal balance
    +deposit(amount) bool
    +withdrawal(amount) int
}

Render:

Generic Types #

Members can be defined using generic types, such as List<int>, for fields, parameters, and return types by enclosing the type within ~ (tilde). Note: nested type declarations such as List<List<int>> are not currently supported.

Generics can be represented as part of a class definition and also in the parameters or the return value of a method/function:

Code:

classDiagram
class Square~Shape~{
    int id
    List~int~ position
    setPoints(List~int~ points)
    getPoints() List~int~
}

Square : -List~string~ messages
Square : +setMessages(List~string~ messages)
Square : +getMessages() List~string~

Render:

Return Type #

Optionally you can end the method/function definition with the data type that will be returned.

Visibility #

To describe the visibility (or encapsulation) of an attribute or method/function that is a part of a class (i.e. a class member), optional notation may be placed before that members' name:

• + Public
• - Private
• # Protected
• ~ Package/Internal

note you can also include additional classifiers to a method definition by adding the following notation to the end of the method, i.e.: after the ():

• * Abstract e.g.: someAbstractMethod()*
• $ Static e.g.: someStaticMethod()$

note you can also include additional classifiers to a field definition by adding the following notation to the end of its name:

• $ Static e.g.: String someField$

Defining Relationship #

A relationship is a general term covering the specific types of logical connections found on class and object diagrams.

[classA][Arrow][ClassB]

There are eight different types of relations defined for classes under UML which are currently supported:

Code:

classDiagram
classA <|-- classB
classC *-- classD
classE o-- classF
classG <-- classH
classI -- classJ
classK <.. classL
classM <|.. classN
classO .. classP

Render:

We can use the labels to describe the nature of the relation between two classes. Also, arrowheads can be used in the opposite direction as well:

Code:

classDiagram
classA --|> classB : Inheritance
classC --* classD : Composition
classE --o classF : Aggregation
classG --> classH : Association
classI -- classJ : Link(Solid)
classK ..> classL : Dependency
classM ..|> classN : Realization
classO .. classP : Link(Dashed)

Render:

Labels on Relations #

It is possible to add label text to a relation:

[classA][Arrow][ClassB]:LabelText

Code:

classDiagram
classA <|-- classB : implements
classC *-- classD : composition
classE o-- classF : aggregation

Render:

Two-way relations #

Relations can logically represent an N:M association:

classDiagram
    Animal <|--|> Zebra

Here is the syntax:

[Relation Type][Link][Relation Type]

Where Relation Type can be one of:

And Link can be one of:

Cardinality / Multiplicity on relations #

Multiplicity or cardinality in class diagrams indicates the number of instances of one class that can be linked to an instance of the other class. For example, each company will have one or more employees (not zero), and each employee currently works for zero or one companies.

Multiplicity notations are placed near the end of an association.

The different cardinality options are :

• 1 Only 1
• 0..1 Zero or One
• 1..* One or more
• * Many
• n n
• 0..n zero to n
• 1..n one to n

Cardinality can be easily defined by placing the text option within quotes " before or after a given arrow. For example:

[classA] "cardinality1" [Arrow] "cardinality2" [ClassB]:LabelText

Code:

classDiagram
    Customer "1" --> "*" Ticket
    Student "1" --> "1..*" Course
    Galaxy --> "many" Star : Contains

Render:

Annotations on classes #

It is possible to annotate classes with markers to provide additional metadata about the class. This can give a clearer indication about its nature. Some common annotations include:

• <<Interface>> To represent an Interface class
• <<Abstract>> To represent an abstract class
• <<Service>> To represent a service class
• <<Enumeration>> To represent an enum

Annotations are defined within the opening << and closing >>. There are two ways to add an annotation to a class, and either way the output will be same:

• In a separate line after a class is defined:

Code:

classDiagram
class Shape
<<interface>> Shape
Shape : noOfVertices
Shape : draw()

Render:

• In a nested structure along with the class definition:

Code:

classDiagram
class Shape{
    <<interface>>
    noOfVertices
    draw()
}
class Color{
    <<enumeration>>
    RED
    BLUE
    GREEN
    WHITE
    BLACK
}

Render:

Comments #

Comments can be entered within a class diagram, which will be ignored by the parser. Comments need to be on their own line, and must be prefaced with %% (double percent signs). Any text until the next newline will be treated as a comment, including any class diagram syntax.

classDiagram
%% This whole line is a comment classDiagram class Shape <<interface>>
class Shape{
    <<interface>>
    noOfVertices
    draw()
}

Setting the direction of the diagram #

With class diagrams you can use the direction statement to set the direction in which the diagram will render:

Code:

classDiagram
  direction RL
  class Student {
    -idCard : IdCard
  }
  class IdCard{
    -id : int
    -name : string
  }
  class Bike{
    -id : int
    -name : string
  }
  Student "1" --o "1" IdCard : carries
  Student "1" --o "1" Bike : rides

Render:

Interaction #

It is possible to bind a click event to a node. The click can lead to either a javascript callback or to a link which will be opened in a new browser tab. Note: This functionality is disabled when using securityLevel='strict' and enabled when using securityLevel='loose'.

You would define these actions on a separate line after all classes have been declared.

action className "reference" "tooltip"
click className call callback() "tooltip"
click className href "url" "tooltip"

• action is either link or callback, depending on which type of interaction you want to have called
• className is the id of the node that the action will be associated with
• reference is either the url link, or the function name for callback.
• (optional) tooltip is a string to be displayed when hovering over element (note: The styles of the tooltip are set by the class .mermaidTooltip.)
• note: callback function will be called with the nodeId as parameter.

Examples #

URL Link:

classDiagram
class Shape
link Shape "https://www.github.com" "This is a tooltip for a link"
class Shape2
click Shape2 href "https://www.github.com" "This is a tooltip for a link"

Callback:

classDiagram
class Shape
callback Shape "callbackFunction" "This is a tooltip for a callback"
class Shape2
click Shape2 call callbackFunction() "This is a tooltip for a callback"

<script>
  const callbackFunction = function () {
    alert('A callback was triggered');
  };
</script>

Success The tooltip functionality and the ability to link to urls are available from version 0.5.2.

Beginner's tip—a full example using interactive links in an HTML page:

<body>
  <pre class="mermaid">
    classDiagram
    Animal <|-- Duck
    Animal <|-- Fish
    Animal <|-- Zebra
    Animal : +int age
    Animal : +String gender
    Animal: +isMammal()
    Animal: +mate()
    class Duck{
      +String beakColor
      +swim()
      +quack()
      }
    class Fish{
      -int sizeInFeet
      -canEat()
      }
    class Zebra{
      +bool is_wild
      +run()
      }

      callback Duck callback "Tooltip"
      link Zebra "https://www.github.com" "This is a link"
  </pre>

  <script>
    const callback = function () {
      alert('A callback was triggered');
    };
    const config = {
      startOnLoad: true,
      securityLevel: 'loose',
    };
    mermaid.initialize(config);
  </script>
</body>

Styling #

Styling a node #

It is possible to apply specific styles such as a thicker border or a different background color to individual nodes. This is done by predefining classes in css styles that can be applied from the graph definition:

<style>
  .cssClass > rect {
    fill: #ff0000;
    stroke: #ffff00;
    stroke-width: 4px;
  }
</style>

Then attaching that class to a specific node:

    cssClass "nodeId1" cssClass;

It is also possible to attach a class to a list of nodes in one statement:

    cssClass "nodeId1,nodeId2" cssClass;

A shorter form of adding a class is to attach the classname to the node using the ::: operator:

Code:

classDiagram
    class Animal:::cssClass

Render:

Or:

Code:

classDiagram
    class Animal:::cssClass {
        -int sizeInFeet
        -canEat()
    }

Render:

?> cssClasses cannot be added using this shorthand method at the same time as a relation statement.

?> Due to limitations with existing markup for class diagrams, it is not currently possible to define css classes within the diagram itself. Coming soon!

Default Styles #

The main styling of the class diagram is done with a preset number of css classes. During rendering these classes are extracted from the file located at src/themes/class.scss. The classes used here are described below:

Sample stylesheet #

body {
  background: white;
}

g.classGroup text {
  fill: $nodeBorder;
  stroke: none;
  font-family: 'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial;
  font-family: var(--mermaid-font-family);
  font-size: 10px;

  .title {
    font-weight: bolder;
  }
}

g.classGroup rect {
  fill: $nodeBkg;
  stroke: $nodeBorder;
}

g.classGroup line {
  stroke: $nodeBorder;
  stroke-width: 1;
}

.classLabel .box {
  stroke: none;
  stroke-width: 0;
  fill: $nodeBkg;
  opacity: 0.5;
}

.classLabel .label {
  fill: $nodeBorder;
  font-size: 10px;
}

.relation {
  stroke: $nodeBorder;
  stroke-width: 1;
  fill: none;
}

@mixin composition {
  fill: $nodeBorder;
  stroke: $nodeBorder;
  stroke-width: 1;
}

#compositionStart {
  @include composition;
}

#compositionEnd {
  @include composition;
}

@mixin aggregation {
  fill: $nodeBkg;
  stroke: $nodeBorder;
  stroke-width: 1;
}

#aggregationStart {
  @include aggregation;
}

#aggregationEnd {
  @include aggregation;
}

#dependencyStart {
  @include composition;
}

#dependencyEnd {
  @include composition;
}

#extensionStart {
  @include composition;
}

#extensionEnd {
  @include composition;
}

Configuration #

Coming soon